Sample Papers

Sample Papers Sample Papers Sample Papers: Help for Students Are you becoming crazy about those numerous assignment papers that you are constantly provided with during your study? Sometimes it may seem to you that they are aimed at turning your life into the terrible nightmare. Do not know how to escape from all that? Try not to avoid the problem but solve it! This article will help you in that. If you do not know how to write your assignment papers, do not rack your brains make use of the Internet. You may find a lot of different web-sites there that offer students assignment writing services. You may say that it is too expensive to buy every assignment paper. But these sites may be useful for you even if you are going to write your assignment paper by yourself. In what way? Free Sample Papers The answer concerns sample papers that these sites propose you to get free of charge. You may find a lot of different papers: sample term papers, sample research papers, sample essay papers and many others. But in what way can they help you if you are not going to buy assignment papers? Of course, you should not submit one of these sample papers as yours because you may have problems. As these papers are available for you everyone else may get them (even one of your group-mates or your tutor). Any kind of sample papers is a papers research sample. What does it mean? Any of sample papers may give you a hint about in what direction you should make your research of the topic given in order to write a good paper. Moreover, reading of such papers may give you a lot of other interesting ideas concerning preparing and writing. Sample Paper ElementsTopic. Sometimes your tutor may let you choose a topic for your paper by yourself. But if you have no ideas about it, you may search them in sample papers. You may find a topic that you may get interested in and that is the half of the success of your paper. Thesis statement. When reading sample papers you may find out how to formulate a thesis sta tement in order to make it clear and understandable. Structure. You may study the structure of papers of a certain kind: what parts they should include, how you should divide them into paragraphs. That will help you make your paper well-structured. Vocabulary. You may study what special words and phrases are used in the academic writing. The usage of such vocabulary will help you put your thoughts logically and clearly. One should stress that this is one of the main criteria of writing a good assignment paper. Thus, it becomes obvious that sample papers may be very helpful for you even if you are going to write your assignment paper by yourself.

Biography of Yuri Gagarin, First Man in Space

Biography of Yuri Gagarin, First Man in Space Yuri Gagarin (March 9, 1934–March 27, 1968) made history on April 12, 1961, when he became both the first person in the world to enter space and the first person to orbit the Earth. Although he never again went to space, his achievement was one of the most significant events of the space race which eventually saw men land on the moon. Fast Facts: Yuri Gagarin Known For: First human being in space and first in Earth orbitBorn: March 9, 1934 in Klushino, USSRParents: Alexey Ivanovich Gagarin, Anna Timofeyevna GagarinaDied: March 27, 1968 in Kirsach, USSREducation: Orenburg Aviation School, where he learned to fly Soviet MiGsAwards and Honors: Order of Lenin, Hero of the Soviet Union, Pilot Cosmonaut of the Soviet Union; monuments were raised and streets named for him across the Soviet UnionSpouse: Valentina GagarinaChildren: Yelena (born 1959), Galina (born 1961)Notable Quote: To be the first to enter the cosmos, to engage single-handed in an unprecedented duel with nature- could anyone dream of anything greater than that? Early Life born in Klushino, a small village west of Moscow in Russia (then known as the Soviet Union). Yuri was the third of four children and spent his childhood on a collective farm where his father, Alexey Ivanovich Gagarin, worked as a carpenter and bricklayer and his mother, Anna Timofeyevna Gagarina, worked as a milkmaid. In 1941, Yuri Gagarin was just 7 years old when the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union. Life was difficult during the war and the Gagarins were kicked out of their home. The Nazis also sent Yuris two sisters to Germany to work as forced laborers. Gagarin Learns to Fly In school, Yuri Gagarin loved both mathematics and physics. He continued on to a trade school, where he learned to be a metalworker and then went on to an industrial school. It was at the industrial school in Saratov that he joined a flying club. Gagarin learned quickly and was obviously at ease in a plane. He made his first solo flight in 1955. Since Gagarin had discovered a love of flying, he joined the Soviet Air Force. Gagarins skills led him to the Orenburg Aviation School, where he learned to fly MiGs. On the same day he graduated from Orenburg with top honors in November 1957, Yuri Gagarin married his sweetheart, Valentina (Valy) Ivanovna Goryacheva. The couple eventually had two daughters together. After graduating, Gagarin was sent on some missions. However, while Gagarin enjoyed being a fighter pilot, what he really wanted to do was to go to space. Since he had been following the Soviet Unions progress in space flight, he was confident that soon his country would send a man into space. He wanted to be that man, so he volunteered to be a cosmonaut. Gagarin Applies to Be a Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin was just one of 3,000 applicants to be the first Soviet cosmonaut. Out of this large pool of applicants, 20 were chosen in 1960 to be the Soviet Unions first cosmonauts; Gagarin was one of the 20. During the extensive physical and psychological testing required of the chosen cosmonaut trainees, Gagarin excelled at the tests while maintaining a calm demeanor as well as his sense of humor. Later, Gagarin would be chosen to be the first man into space because of these skills. (It also helped that he was short in stature since Vostok 1s capsule was small.) Cosmonaut trainee Gherman Titov was chosen to be the backup in case Gagarin was unable to make the first space flight. Launch of Vostok 1 On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin boarded Vostok 1 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Although he was fully trained for the mission, no one knew if it was going to be a success or a failure. Gagarin was to be the very first human being in space, truly going where no man had gone before. Minutes before the launch, Gagarin gave a speech, which included: You must realize that it is hard to express my feeling now that the test for which we have been training long and passionately is at hand. I dont have to tell you what I felt when it was suggested that I should make this flight, the first in history. Was it joy? No, it was something more than that. Pride? No, it was not just pride. I felt great happiness. To be the first to enter the cosmos, to engage single handed in an unprecedented duel with nature- could anyone dream of anything greater than that? But immediately after that I thought of the tremendous responsibility I bore: to be the first to do what generations of people had dreamed of; to be the first to pave the way into space for mankind. * Vostok 1, with Yuri Gagarin inside, launched on schedule at 9:07 a.m. Moscow Time. Just after lift-off, Gagarin reputedly called out, Poyekhali! (Off we go!) Gagarin was rocketed into space using an automated system. Gagarin did not control the spacecraft during his mission; however, in case of an emergency, he could have opened an envelope left on board for the override code. He was not given the controls because many scientists were worried about the psychological effects of being in space (i.e. they were worried he would go mad). After entering space, Gagarin completed a single orbit around Earth. The Vostok 1s top speed reached 28,260 kph (about 17,600 mph). At the end of the orbit, Vostok 1 reentered the Earths atmosphere. When Vostok 1 was still about 7 km (4.35 miles) from the ground, Gagarin ejected (as planned) from the spacecraft and used a parachute to land safely. From launch (at 9:07 a.m.) to Vostok 1 touching down on the ground (10:55 a.m.) was 108 minutes, a number often used to describe this mission. Gagarin landed safely with his parachute about 10 minutes after Vostok 1 came down. The calculation of 108 minutes is used because the fact that Gagarin ejected from the spacecraft and parachuted to the ground was kept secret for many years. (The Soviets did this to get around a technicality about how flights were officially recognized at the time.) Right before Gagarin landed (near the village of Uzmoriye, near the Volga River), a local farmer and her daughter spotted Gagarin floating down with his parachute. Once on the ground, Gagarin, dressed in an orange spacesuit and wearing a large white helmet, terrified the two women. It took Gagarin a few minutes to convince them that he too was Russian and to direct him to the nearest phone. Death After his successful first flight into space, Gagarin never again was sent into space. Instead, he helped train future cosmonauts. On March 27, 1968, Gagarin was test-piloting a MiG-15 fighter jet when the plane plummeted to the ground, killing Gagarin instantly at the age of 34. For decades, people speculated about how Gagarin, an experienced pilot, could safely fly to space and back but die during a routine flight. Some thought he was drunk. Others believed that Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev wanted Gagarin dead because he was jealous of the cosmonauts fame. However, in June 2013, fellow cosmonaut, Alexey Leonov (the first man to  conduct a spacewalk), revealed that the accident was caused by a Sukhoi fighter jet that had been flying too low. Traveling at supersonic speed, the jet flew perilously close to Gagarins MiG, likely overturning the MiG with its backwash and sending Gagarins jet into a deep spiral. Legacy Nearly as soon as Gagarins feet touched the ground back on Earth, he became an international hero. His accomplishment was known around the globe. He had accomplished what no other human being had ever done before. Yuri Gagarins successful flight into space paved the way for all future space exploration. Sources Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Yuri Gagarin.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica.Biography.com, AE Networks Television. â€Å"Yuri Gagarin.†

Syria MDG'S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Syria MDG'S - Essay Example The year 1946 marks the time when this country gained independence and established itself as parliamentary republic. Since its independence the country has seen many skirmishes and wars. Many coups and attempts to take over the throne have shattered Syria’s infrastructure. The al-Assad family has been ruling the country since 1970. Hafiz al-Assad ruled the office from 1970-2000 only to be usurped by his son Bashar al-Assad. Today the country is part of United Nations. But due to conflict in the region its membership has been deferred from the Arab League as well as from Organization of Islamic Cooperation. March 2012 marks the formation of Syrian National Coalition, a group that stands in opposition to the government. The Arab League invited the representative of this group to take Syria’s seat. Currently Syria is governed by President Bashar al-Asad. It has been almost 3 years since conflict began. Humanitarian development achievements in the country have now been rolled back due to consistent fighting in the area. Flying bullets from everywhere make it difficult for humanitarian workers to continue their work. The conflict in Syria has already killed over 120,000 people and displaced 6.5 million (UNDP, n.d.). The crisis has stolen employment from the 50% population pushing Syrian citizens into poverty (UNDP, n.d.). Millions of Syrians are searching for refuge in neighboring areas and their host countries face a great challenge accommodating millions of them. Influx of new refugees is a serious setback for neighboring states. Basic needs like education, health, sanitation, infrastructure and non-existent economic opportunity has created cutthroat competition for jobs in Syria (UNDP, n.d.). People are practically living in ruins. Tensions are always on the rise threatening to rip apart the social cohesion. The UNDP workers were already deployed in Syria even before the crisis began. Their work was affected due

Ethical Consumption - attitudes, behavior, ethical consumption Essay

Ethical Consumption - attitudes, behavior, ethical consumption literature - Essay Example Thus due to the growing importance of ethical consumption it has become crucial for marketers to understand the meaning and the relation between ethical attitudes and behaviour. Ethical behaviour denotes the characteristics of honesty, dignity, diversity and equality in interpersonal and professional approaches (Darley & et. at., 2001). On the contrary, ethical attitude suggests the principles or morality of a human being (Cowan, 2006).In the backdrop of this, the essay intends to explain why attitudes may not always help to predict behaviour and why the attitude-behaviour gap might be so prevalent throughout the ethical consumption literature in particular. During the discussion the initial object is to define the theory of reasoned action. It can be asserted as a model of guessing the behavioural aim. In accordance with General liberal arts (2014), it can be asserted as person’s attitude always leads to a particular behaviour for a certain outcome. Theory of reasoned action relates with reflecting relationship between attitude and actual behaviour. According to this theory behaviour and intention for behaviour is the dependent variables, whereas attitude towards the behaviour and subject norms are independent variables (General Liberal Arts, 2014). A person’s intention to perform a particular behaviour is measured by the behavioural intention. It has been observed that attitudes and norms are not measured equally in predicting behaviour. Instead, it depends upon the individual person and the situation (Vallerand & et. at., 1991). These factors can put different effects on behavioural intention. Correspondingly, these fac tors are identified below. According to the theory of reasoned action, attitude is an outcome of collection of beliefs regarding a particular behaviour based on the evaluation of these beliefs. It can be best understand through an example. Correspondingly, it can be asserted

Google in China Case Study Essay Example for Free

Google in China Case Study Essay In the case study presentation regarding the Google Company there have been many challenges that have arisen during the growth of the global leader. One of those challenges is in regards to the penetration of the largely available market in China. Google has a mission â€Å"to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful.† (Closing Case: Google in China) Google has constructed a largely profitable advertising business that piggy backs its search engine; which by far is the largest in the world. Using a business model called pay-per-click; advertisers pay Google each time a user of the search engine clicks on one of the paid links that are usually listed on the right hand side of engines results page. These are the paid links and are not included in the main search results generated by Google. The Move In order to penetrate a larger market and further increase popularity Google began running a Chinese language service in 2000 for the largest country on the planet; even though the service was operated from the United States. In 2002, Chinese authorities blocked the site. The people that would have been using Google’s search engine were directed to a Chinese rival search engine company. This came as a huge surprise to Google’s managers. When this occurred the co-founder of Google quickly ordered several books on China and began studying in order to understand its vast country and its culture. In just two weeks’ time the services were restored in China. It appeared that this had just come out of nowhere. It was reported by Chinese users that politically sensitive material sites were no longer accessible. This gave way to the suggestion that the Chinese government had begun monitoring search activities more aggressively. This also generated the suggestion that the Chinese government had constructed a giant firewall between Chinese internet and the internet in the rest of the world allowing the Chinese government to block any sites that were deemed insurrectionary. Due to the fact that serving the Chinese from the United States was incredibly slow and the new censorship imposition was ruing search results Google decided it was time for some change. In a new mindset of operations Google decided to open up a site in China using Chinese management and employees and even a Chinese home page. The Culture and Conclusion It appeared that the cultural divide between Google and China caused some misunderstandings to take place; this in-turn caused some serious offenses to be made. Chinese government did what it felt needed to be done in order to keep the divide between government and citizenship as strong as it has always been. Realizing that it had crossed the line, the search giant Google decided to move its Chinese operations overseas. Google was faced with two choices, they could give up China or and lose over 100 million users, a number that rapidly increases every year, or operate out of China and respect the culture. Now that Google is up and operating in China, even though they have to provide a slightly more less lucrative service, they have provided a small notation for every site that has been blocked once the search results show up; a service no other provider gives. References Closing Case: Google in China; by International Business. Competing in the Global Marketplace, Seventh Edition Chapter 4: Ethics in International Business: by Charles W. L. Hill copyright  © 2009 McGraw-Hill, a business unit of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader.aspx

Dyslexia Essay -- Learning Disabilities Dyslexic Essays Papers

Dyslexia Growing, developing and learning are the facts of life for all children. Each day children are faced with many new concepts and various challenges. Can you imagine how it feels for a child to face not only new challenges life has, but to face these challenges while living with a learning disability? These challenges are met not just when they begin school either. Students suffer from learning disabilities from the moment they begin learning, not when they start school. Learning disabilities are real and they affect millions of people. â€Å"One such disability that affects over approximately 15 percent of the total American population is dyslexia† ( Nosek 5).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We will discuss the following issues and areas surrounding dyslexia: What is dyslexia? Causes of dyslexia. Two different terms to describe dyslexia. Characteristics of someone with dyslexia. The learning process. Three areas that are affected by the disability. Focusing and behavior. Misconceptions about dyslexia. Seeking help through organizations. What exactly is dyslexia? â€Å"The word dyslexia is derived from the Greek â€Å"dys† meaning poor or inadequate and â€Å"lexis† meaning language. Dyslexia is a learning disability characterized by problems in expressive or receptive, oral or written language†(Wilkins URL). Simply put, dyslexia means trouble with reading, writing, and spelling. Dyslexia is not stupidity, laziness, lack of interest, or anything to be ashamed of. Dyslexia is not a disease; it has no cure and it will not go away. It knows no age, gender, or class boundaries. â€Å"There is a significant disproportion between the sexes, however. The proportions of male to female dyslexics are 3 to 1. Dyslexia can also be compared to amnesia because it is selective† (Bakker 23). Some experts use the term specific learning disability instead of dyslexia† Despite much research, nobody knows what causes dyslexia. Current research is focused on such possible causes as genetics, physiology, biochemistry, and structural changes in the brain. â€Å"There are theories that something is wrong with the brain or that certain chemicals are missing. One of the most popular theory is that dyslexia is a structural defect in the brain which involves the central nervous system† (Irlen 98). Numerous studies have been done throughout the years. â€Å"In 1907, the idea was first expressed that the genetic fac... ...start to cry. -David Artuso People can learn to cope and adjust to dyslexia by using different avenues, just the same as a blind person learns to survive in his environment. â€Å"Dyslexics have to work with and around their condition, not dream of getting over it† (Hurfort 33). Dyslexia is a condition that requires change in the person’s everyday life, not just in reading and writing, in order to perform well in society. Once a dyslexic adapts, according to his or her needs, that person can do anything a non-dyslexic person can do. Works Cited Bakker, D.J. Developmental Dyslexia and Learning Disorders. Germany: Karger Publishing, 1987. Grolier’s Encyclopedia New York: Macmillan Education Company 1994 Hurford, Daphne. To Read or Not to Read. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998. Irlen, Helen. Reading By the Colors. New York: Avery Publishing Group, 1991. Nosek, Kathleen. The Dyslexic Scholar, Helping Your Child Succeed in the School System. Texas: Taylor Publishing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Company, 1995. Savage, John. Understanding Reading Problems. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985. Wilkins, Angela. What is Dyslexia? http://www.interdys.org/about_dy.stm. May 15, 1999.

Contemporary society Essay

Identify the principal agents who expose white collar crime in contemporary society. What factors motivate people to expose such crime, and what factors inhibit them from doing so? What specific policy measures can be adopted to encourage exposure of white collar crime? The principle agents who expose white collar crimes in contemporary society are informers, whistleblowers and investigative reporters. Informers would consist of the people like politicians who usually give information to receive a lesser sentence or the like for their own involvement. This is very popular here in IL where the politicians are tried and convicted and then become witnesses testifying against one of their fellow conspirators. These informants are motivated by their sense of self-preservation. However, they can be reluctant to tell as there may be a fear of retaliation to them or to their families. Also, there are whistleblowers who, in my opinion, are usually driven by moral and ethical values. These brave people are the ones who brought companies, like Enron, to the forefront. They are your everyday employees who see something wrong, and bring it to the attention of those who can enforce the laws that are in place. Moreover, they could be reluctant to tell anything due to fear of being blacklisted, loss of employment, or being ostracized among other negative reactions. Sometimes the negative social and financial repercussions outweigh the benefits of doing what is morally right. Last, there are investigative reporters. These professional bring issue to the forefront, when it appears that they are being overlooked by society. A good example of this is a news story that showed, at different construction sites, workers asleep on the job, wasting tax payer money. Another story involved politicians being investigated for giving contracts to friends and family. Investigative reporting is motivated by professionals who want to bring to the forefront the crimes of companies and government, but I believe that it is also driven by ratings. Some things can be shown because it won’t affect sponsorship, but some things are shelved for fear of losing corporate sponsorship. In order to encourage exposing white collar crimes, policies preventing the accusing from retaliating should be put into place. Also, some form of compensation should be met to those who risk their livelihood to do what is right. Not an excessive compensation, but compensation nonetheless. However, I do not believe anything will ever completely help. Companies will still be able to  blacklist and financially and socially ruin a whistleblower. It cannot be prevented. Also, they can still pull their money out of local stations. The companies have a lot power, and they are hard to fight. 6. How can corporations ensure that their employees behave ethically? Corporations can ensure that their employees behave ethically, by showing a good example of ethical behavior at the top. It begins with the CEO and senior management. If they display ethical behavior, the employees will follow suit. The work environment would become a do as I do vs. do as I say environment. Also, a clear and sound structured work environment is necessary. Internal controls need to be in place to create a check and balance system. This system would leave less room for unethical behavior. Last, continuous training on what is expected from the company and company policies would also be effective. A reminder on what is expected and accepted (or not accepted) is a good way to keep employees in line with company objectives.

Maya Angelou Essay

In Maya Angelou autobiography ‘I know why the caged bird sings’ many themes and issues are looked at. This autobiography shows the difficulty of a black woman growing up surrounded by discrimination and poverty, but also shows her determination, joy and hope. Maya Angelou describes her relationship with many character, this in it self is a theme of her writing, the way she sees people in her own light. Some characters that may be seen to be good people are changed by Maya’s opinion. A good example of this is the contrast between Maya’s mother and Maya’s father’s girlfriend. If both these characters were described, the father’s girlfriend maybe considers the better person. This is not the case after reading this book, as Maya has a way of making the reader see these characters as she sees them. After the separation of Maya Angelou’s parents she and her brother Bailey were sent away to live with her grandmother when Maya was only three. This must have been a terrible experience for a young child to go through, which some may think would have left Maya with resentment towards her mother. In fact this was quite the opposite. When Maya meet her mother again after she left her, Maya discarded the fact that she sent her away. She describes how as soon as she saw her mother, the nights she spent crying for her was forgotten. ‘I knew immediately why she had sent me away. She was too beautiful to have children. ‘(Maya Angelou, 1984, P58) This was Maya’s way of justifying her mother actions. Even if it maybe considered a bad thing what her mother did, Maya still thought she was wonderful. Later on in this book Maya’s mother did another bad thing. She shot someone twice, which again maybe considered a bad thing to do. ‘Since she had intended to shoot him (notice: shoot, not kill) she had no reason to run away, so she shot him a second time. – He had been shot, true, but in her fairness she had warned him. ‘(Maya Angelou, 1984, pages 202 and 203) The language used when Maya describes this event show she thinks that this is not a major or bad thing that has happened. Maya again shows her mother as not a bad person even though what she has done is wrong. Maya’s mother was also believed to be a prostitute; Maya believes this too but again discards the idea because she knew that if that were true then she wouldn’t be able to live with her, which she wanted to. Even though Maya’s mother could be considered a bad mother, Maya thinks extremely highly of her. This can be seen from the choice of lexis, Maya uses to describe her mother. Maya always used nice words such as ‘beautiful’, ‘warm’, ‘glorious’. Maya is also enthusiastic when talking about her mother. At one point Maya goes to stay with her father and his girlfriend. Maya believed that being her mother was so beautiful, any woman her father was with after her mother would have been just as beautiful if not more. This was the start of Maya’s disappointment when meeting her stepmother. Maya disliked Dolores (her stepmother); you could tell this from the contrast in tones, from the happy tone when see talks about her mother to the dull and spiteful tone used when describing Dolores. ‘If Dolores had been a little less aloof, a little more earthy†¦ – She was mean and petty and full of pretense. ‘(Maya Angelou, 1984, pages 222 and 223) Dolores theoretically was a good, honest person. She was a good, hardworking wife; she took Maya into her home and treated her well. Even though this, she is still seen as the bad one by the end of this part, from the way Maya talks about her. Maya uses mean words to describe Dolores, and is also sarcastic towards her when talking about her and their home. ‘She was on close terms with her washing machine and ironing board. ‘(Maya Angelou, 1984, P221) This shows one of the sarcastic phases used by Maya Angelou. It also shows that Maya was not the innocent party in her conflict with her stepmother. Maya went out of her way to irritate Dolores and to make her jealous of Maya relationship with her father. Dolores still comes of as the bad one at the end, after an argument with Maya. Maya tries to be nice to Dolores, but Dolores ends up calling Maya’s mother a ‘whore’. Even though this is possibly true and Maya questions this, she still defends her mother. It is Maya that makes the first attack on Dolores; Maya justifies her behaviour, which leaves her looking the better person. ‘What did she expect if she called my mother a whore? ‘ (Maya Angelou, 1984, P239) Another character who has an unexpected outcome is the dentist, Dr Lincoln. At one stage Maya, as a child was in a lot of pain with toothache. At the Maya was living with her grandmother in Stamps. The nearest Negro dentist to them was twenty-five miles away, which was too far for Maya to travel in such pain. As a result Maya’s grandmother took her to a dentist near by that owed her a favour. Many would believe a dentist to be a respectable, good, reliable person. This was not the case of Dr Lincoln. He refused to help a child in pain, even though Maya’s grandmother stopped him losing his business by lending him money. When speaking to Maya’s grandmother, Dr Lincoln was very abrupt and rude to her. He did not even acknowledge Maya, or the fact her face was swollen and she was in pain. ‘I’d rather stick my hand in a dog’s mouth than in a nigger’s'(Maya Angelou, 1984, P184) This was the harsh phase that Dr Lincoln used. This also shows discrimination and racism, another major theme in Maya Angelou’s autobiography. After Dr Lincoln refuses to help, Maya’s grandmother follows him in his office. When she later describes what happened she says that Dr Lincoln and the nurse were as ‘thick as thieves’. This is a simile used to accentuate Dr Lincoln characteristics. From the way Maya Angelou has written her autobiography ‘I know why the caged bird sings’ she has managed to successfully express peoples true characters. People that may be considered to have a good character such as Dr Lincoln have been shown for who they really are. This has been done by the choice of lexis and the tones that she has used to create different atmospheres when describing certain characters.

Role Pastoral Women in Income Generating Activities Essays

Role Pastoral Women in Income Generating Activities Essays Role Pastoral Women in Income Generating Activities Essay Role Pastoral Women in Income Generating Activities Essay Ethiopia is a country covered by 60% in Pastoral areas and around 15% of the total population living in pastoral areas and also 95% of the total livestock population were living in pastoral areas. People living in pastoral areas have a limited access in to the human health, and education services, pastoral areas have very poor communications also lack the basic services in addition, the pastoral communities livelihoods are harshly endangered by livestock illness, drought and adverse conditions of trade (PICP, 2002). Shinile Zone is located south eastern part of the Ethiopian countryamd one of the nine governmental zones of Somali Regional State. It occurs the northern part Somali of the Region, it borders with Somalia (Somaliland) on the southern, Djiboutiin the north eastern , Oromia and Dire dawa on the south Jijiga Zone on the southeast, and Afar Region on the west. The population of the zones livelihoods are mainly depends on livestock and livestock’s product. There is also a important quantity of trade activity and there is also a little amount of crop production in the southern part – n livestock and imported goods The Pastoral population of the zone covers the largest area in shinile zone , which is the total population of zone is around 85% . In shinile district pastoral community is about 90% of the population; The rest of the population are mostly occupied in Agro pastoralism. while a small minority (less than 5%) are involved in business activities in town or commercial centres. Pastoralists in Shinile district were affected constantly by recurrent drought for last two decades. These recurrent droughts pose a severe challenge on livestock rearing activities: the main livelihood of the pastoral communities was depending on the livestock and livestock products. The droughts caused the decrease of livestock and live death which in turn negatively affected the incomes from the livestock. As a result, pastoral mens were not fulfill their role as a household provider from livestock rearing, whereas the pastoralist women cover most of the activities the to accomplish both role men and women to generate the income of the household and also giving food and family needs . lthough, women are the back bone of family involvement In income generating activities in arrange to make extra revenue for the household, it is not well defined what is the degree of the women participation in such income earning activity affects the role of women and responsibilities in the pastoralist livelihood system. This research studies will design to recognize how women’s participati on in income Generating activities affects responsibilities and gender roles in Shinile district. 2. Critical Review Methodologies Messay Tegegne(2012) is the author of research paper titled by An Assessment on the Role of Women in Agriculture in Southern Nation Nationality People’s Region: The Case Of Halaba Special Woreda, Ethiopia. This researcher was use the following methods and collection and data analysis in his research The research question of the researcher was 1. What do women and men do in agricultural activities and when, where, and when activities take place? 2. Who has access to control over resource and decision making in agricultural activities? 3. What is the socio-economic factors that hinder the role of women in agricultural activities? . what is the role women in agriculture activities ? The researcher’s method of the data collection was gathered by the primary sources and secondary sources. The primary data was gathered exactly from the target respondents using questionnaires and interviews and group discussion with focus groups. Secondary data was collected through review of related literatures the main data collection tools used was interview schedule from the community and the grass root level leader it was contained close ended questions, some open ended and structured questions also used. nd analyzed by the SPSS Software, The research article of the Elizabeth Tesfaye Haile(2008) which is titled by: Gender Role and Pastoralist Women’s Involvement In Income Generating ActivitiesThe Case of Women Firewood Sellers in Shinile District, Somali Region, Ethiopia. She has been used her research on the following procedures The set of her research questions was 1, what is the impact of women’s involvement in firewood sales as an income Generating activity on gender roles and responsibilities among pastoralists in 2. What are the effects of pastoral women in income generating activies on gender role? 3. What are the task of the pastoral men and women in shinile district? 4. What is the gender responsibility in pastoralist in shinile district? The Method of data collection Both primary and secondary data’s were utilized in this research paper primary data was gathered tools such as semi-structured interviews, focused group discussions, and observation were employed. Secondary data also reviewed with the related literature topics such as books and journals. And it was analyzed by the qualitative analysis. Marco Rangil Escribano is also other author research paper titled by: Participation of rural women in income generating activities (iga): constraints and opportunities. The case of lay gayint district (amhara region, ethiopia). The researcher was followed the following steps in his research RESEARCH Question What are constraints and opportunities that are faced to engage in income generating activities Lay Gayintdistrict ? Method of data collection The data was collected by using tools of Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA): interviews with key informants, mapping, transect walks. Focus group discussion and data was analyzed T-test, Chi-square test, Logit Model and qualitative method of the data analysis. Eneyew and Mengistu (2013): Double Marginalized Livelihoods: Invisible Gender Inequality in Pastoral Societies The main research question of the researcher were What are the causes of gender inequality in (agro-) pastoral societies? What is the extent of gender inequality in terms of selected socio-economic variables The methodologies of their data collection and analysis used was the Primary data collection were followed by the Harvard gender analysis framework and analyzed by Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, percentage, t-test, and chi square test were used Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16. NKHONJERA(2011): is the author paper The Role Of Women’s Empowerment On Agricultural Development In Malawi Research question of the paper is 1. What is the importance of the women participation in agricultural development? Under this question there are many sub question addressed in this research such as 2. What are the barriers to women participation in agricultural development? 3. Is the national policy restrain or promote women’s participation in agriculture? This research paper is used in secondary data adequately utilized the literature that are already available Relevant sources from, academic literature, articles, journals reports, conventions policy documents, and laws were reviewed by critically assessing the diverse issues that are in line with women’s participation. The paper does not have a primary data flied observation and it was simply used by generalization of the secondary datas obtained by reviewing different topics relate to his research topic. MOHAMMED A. the title of the study was: The Role of Microfinance in Strengthening Pastoral Household Food Security Research questions 1. What are the roles of micro finance in food insecure household and impact of their income generation? 2. What is the role of women controlled income sources? Method of data collection and analysis Primary data collection was used by interview, questionaire and structured and semi structured methods. The data gathered from the was analyzed and presented in the different fomrs. Such tabulat form,graphics,percentage and figures form . besides to this, it was analyzed using mean,mode and measures of central tendencies and dispersions with the help of the â€Å"Statistical Program for Social Sciences† SPSS software. 3. Objective of the Research Proposal The main objective of the paper is to classify the role of pastoral women’s involvement in incone generating activities and propose the feasible convenient pastoral womenprograms, and to show the top level managements and decision and policy maker at the Woreda and region,to tackle the problem therefore they may take advice and include strategies in the rural development planning the Specific objectives are:- * To assess the degree nd way of the pastoral women’s are generating income at househol level * To know the way of the pastoral women are supporting their families * To identify the income generating activity on pastoral gender roles and responsibilities. * To the extents of the women has acess to resource over the control in household level 4. Research Question 1. What are the roles of pastoral women in income generating activities at household level? 2. What is the effect pastoral women’s involvement in income generating activities in gender role? 3. Who has acees to control over resource and decision making in household level? .. METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH In this research proposal detail description of the study area and method of the study approach, source of the data collection and data anlysises. Description of the study area The study will be conduct in shinile wareda of the Somali regional state shinile is the one of the six eight wareda of the Somali region it is located in northern part of the region it is bounded hadhigala district , the western part in dire dawa eastern part in dhambal district and the western part I oromia. Research strategy The study will be both qualitative and quantitave method data collection. he primary data will be conduct directly from respondents using simple questionnaires, case study and group discussion with focus groups. Secondary data will be collect through theories and review of related literatures such as articles,journals,books and internets. Quantitative m ethod Quantitative research is data obtained on field by using structured questionnaire, interview, that are designed and it will include different topicwhich is related in the role of the women in income generating activities. Some basic information will be collect from the respondents such s demographic and socio-economic situation pf the pastoral women and any necessary things. Qualitative method In this method of redearch is mostly concentrated on the role of women in income generating activities in the research area. The data will gather through focus group discussions and interviews by using interview and discussion guides. Secondary data will be gather from reviewing related literature and Sectoral offirces such as Woreda Agriculture office, microfinance office, Women’s Affairs The discussion will undertake to collect information from relevant bodies Involving on actual implementation of the role of women. Sampling Techniques After identification of the primary data collection tools which is interviews ,focused group discussions, semi-structured and observation will employ and randomly sampling will be select the case study with four focus group discussion will held . each of the group will will ten in numbers to carry out gender study as a means to identify the role of pastoral women In income generating activities, access and control. It will carry out the discussion for men and women separately in order to allow women to speak freely. The data also will arrange and give coding make easier analysis and finally thr write up will be done. Method of the data analysis Qualitative and quantitative raw datas collecred from the field will arranged by using coding and process based on the research questions of the methodological research the gathered data will arrange and it will give codes and process to analyze by using simple Descriptive statistical analysis such as mean, mode, standard direferent statistic tools such as Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16. And finally interpretation will be done after the entry and analysis. 6. Refferences An Assessment On The Role Of Women In Agriculture In Southern Nation Nationality People’s Region: The Case Of Halaba Special Woreda, Ethiopia available at http://cgspace. cgiar. org/bitstream/handle/10568/29021/Thesis_MessayTegegne. pdf? sequence=1accessed 27/7/2013 Double Marginalized Livelihoods: Invisible Gender Inequalityin Pastoral Societies Adugna Eneyew 1,* and Sileshi 2 Mengistu available athttp://edepot. wur. nl/969 accessed 27/7/2013, Gender Role and Pastoralist Women’s Involvement In Income Generating Activities The Case of Women Firewood Sellers in Shinile District, Somali Region, Ethiopia available at http://edepot. ur. nl/969 accessed 26/7/2013. Participation of rural women in income generating activities (iga): constraints and opportunities. The case of lay gayint district (amhara region, ethiopia). Available at dppc. gov. et/downloadable/reports/Early_warning/DRR%20DAY-2012/PARTICIPATION%20OF%20RURAL%20WOMEN%20IN%20INCOME%20GENERATING%20ACTIVITIES. pdf a ccessed 26/7/2013 The Role Of Women’s Empowerment On Agricultural Development In Malawi available athttp://search. babylon. com/? q=Household+food+security+and+women%27s+pivotal+role+in+the+context+to+market+oriented+agricultural+devt. amp;babsrc=HP_ssamp;s=webamp;rlz=0amp;as=0amp;ac=0 accessed 12/7/2013 The title of the study was: The Role of Microfinance in Strengthening Pastoral Household Food Securityavialable at pcdp. gov. et/Docs/Research/PCDP%20publications%20and%20research%20reports/The%20Role%20of%20Microfinance%20in%20food%20security%20of%20pastoral%20household. pdf aceesed 28/7/3024 Annex1 University of Greenwich Questionnaire on The Role of Pastoral Women in Income Generating Activities: The Case Shinile District Somali Region, Ethiopia. Name of the interviewer: ____________________Date of interview: ________________ Name your of Kebele: ________________________Questionnaire: ___________________ I. Personal information 1. Name of the respondent:__________________________ 2. Age-_________________ 3. Sex: Male Female 4. Marital status: MarriedSingle Divorced Widowed 5. Religion: MuslimOrthodox CatholicProtestant Others (Specify):_____________ 6. Your Educational background No education Primary education Secondary other Religious education 7. Do you have children and if yes _____ . 1 how many____________ 8. Total household members:___________________ 9. What is the age and sex structure of your households Age | Male | Female | Total | lt;5 years| | | | 5-15 years| | | | 16-30 years | | | | 31-45 years| | | | 46-65 years| | | | gt;65 years| | | | | | | | 10. what is your Employment status Unemployed Professional/non manual Manual (skilled/unskilled) business - - 11. what is your main source of income? 1. 2The women†™s contribution to household expenditure None/almost none Less than half About half More than half All 13. list the main activities done the women as a an income generating activities? a. ___________________ b,__________________________ c ________________________ d. ________________________ e. ____________________ II. Household property possession and wealth 14, how many livestock you owned ? _______________________ 15. How many livestock do you have? ___________ 15. How did you obtain these animals? 1. by legacy 2. through marriage 3. through gift of our relatives 4. Other means 16. who has a duties and responsibities of the livestock rearing? ____________________________________________ 17,what is the time to spend for livestock keeping and rearing in per day? ________________________________________ 18. do you do any other activities rather than livestockkeeping ? if yes what kind of activity ? what do you get ? __________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 18. How is your participation in decision making on income expenditure? 1/ I always decide on my own 2/ I am involved in decision making 3/ I get information only after decision is made by my husband 4/ I sometimes decide by my own and my husband decide on his own at other time 5/ I have equal say on income expenditure 19. Are there any incidences that you overtake women’s assigned duties in livestock Production or domestic tasks after women’s engagement in the income generating? 20. In general, what changes have you experienced in your livelihood as a result of women’s involvement in firewood sales? VI. Guideline for Focus group session with women pastoralists This question are a group discussion questionnaires that are designed by a group of people . which are mixed both men and women with equal in a members it contains four groups each focus group discussion contains ten members which is five men and five in women and it will asks same question in each of the team member members with equal opportunity discussion will be separated in men and women in order to allow womens to participate freely without feeling fear from their mens because culture and religion are imiting the womens participation in such discussions . this focus group discussions will give more attension or enphasises on women because of women’s income generating activities in pastoral areas were yet not defined . more of this questions were deigned to know the extent of the pastoral women are participating the income generation. What are the jobs and actions of pastoralists in livestock production, domest ic Reproduction and community work? -how many houra are spend womens for income generating activities per day? What are ways of the women managing the selling activities inlivestock production and domestic reproduction in given day? * How the pastoral womens share their dailly activities in domesticor reproduction or production in your areas? -To what intra-household resources (Livestock, land, money etc) those pastoralist men and women have access? * What is the ways of the pastoral womens involvement in the income generating activities? * Can Pastorals womens are use or buy livestock to get un income generating activities ? f yes whygt; * Do the women are spend their income from the income generating activities I n other resources /non animals household resources like food,clothes ,houde utility. etc? if yes why? * To what degree womens acces to control their income from income generating activities selling? * Does women income generating activities helps their family ? if yes what extent ? what extents women’s control their income over resource? * In conclusion,what is happened whe n women involvements occurred in the gender activities or access to control over resource? Are it is improved or deteriorated†

An Overview of the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court Decision

An Overview of the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court Decision On January 22, 1973, the Supreme Court handed down its historic decision in Roe v. Wade, overturning a Texas interpretation of abortion law and making abortion legal in the United States.  It was a turning point in  womens reproductive rights and has remained a hot-button issue within United States politics ever since. The Roe v. Wade decision held that a woman, with her doctor, could choose abortion in earlier months of pregnancy without legal restriction, based primarily on the right to privacy. In later trimesters, state restrictions could be applied. Fast Facts: Roe v. Wade Case Argued: December 13, 1971; October 11, 1972Decision Issued:  January 22, 1973Petitioner:  Jane Roe (appellant)Respondent:  Henry Wade (appellee)Key Questions: Does the Constitution embrace a womans right to terminate her pregnancy by abortion?Majority Decision: Justices Burger, Douglas, Brennan, Stuart, Marshall, Blackmun, and PowellDissenting: Justices White and RehnquistRuling:  A womans right to an abortion falls within the right to privacy as protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. However, while decision gave women autonomy during the first trimester of pregnancy, different levels of state interest for the second and third trimesters were allowed.   Facts of the Case   In 1969, Texan Norma McCorvey was a poor, working class 22-year-old woman, unmarried and looking to end an unwanted pregnancy. But in Texas, abortion was illegal unless it was for the purpose of saving the life of the mother.† She was eventually referred to attorneys Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee, who were looking for a plaintiff to challenge the Texas law. On their advice, McCorvey, using the pseudonym Jane Roe, filed a lawsuit against the Dallas County district attorney Henry Wade, an official responsible for enforcing criminal laws, including anti-abortion statutes. The suit said the law was unconstitutional because it was an invasion of her privacy; she sought the overturn of the law and an injunction so she could go ahead with the abortion.   The district court agreed with McCorvey that the law was unconstitutionally vague and violated her right to privacy under the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments, but refused to issue an injunction. McCorvey appealed and the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case, along with another case called Doe v. Bolton, lodged against a similar Georgia statute. The Supreme Court case filing occurred on March 3, 1970, when McCorvey was six months pregnant; she eventually gave birth and that child was adopted. She said she wanted to continue with the case to support other womens rights. Arguments for Roe v. Wade began on December 13, 1971. Weddington and Coffee were the plaintiffs lawyers. John Tolle, Jay Floyd, and Robert Flowers were the defendants lawyers. Constitutional Issues   The Roe v. Wade case was argued for the plaintiff Jane Roe on the grounds that the Texas abortion law violated the Fourteenth and Ninth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees equal protection under the law to all citizens and, in particular, required that laws be clearly written.   Previous cases challenging abortion laws usually cited the Fourteenth Amendment, claiming that the law was not specific enough when a womans life might be threatened by pregnancy and childbirth. However, since attorneys Coffee and Weddington wanted a decision that rested on a pregnant womans right to decide for herself whether or not an abortion was necessary, they based their argument on the Ninth Amendment, which states: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. The framers of the Constitution had recognized that new rights might be developed in years to come and they wanted to be able to protect those rights. The state prepared its case primarily on the basis that a fetus had legal rights, which ought to be protected. The Arguments The argument for the plaintiff Jane Doe stated that, under the U.S. Bill of Rights, a woman has the right to terminate her pregnancy. It is improper for a State to impose on a womans right to privacy in personal, marital, familial, and sexual decisions. There is no case in the Courts history that declares that a fetus- a developing infant in the womb- is a person. Therefore, the fetus cannot be said to have any legal right to life. Because it is unduly intrusive, the Texas law is unconstitutional and should be overturned. The argument for the State rested on its duty to protect prenatal life. The unborn are people, and as such are entitled to protection under the Constitution because life is present at the moment of conception. The Texas law was, therefore, a valid exercise of police powers reserved to the States in order to protect the health and safety of citizens, including the unborn. The law is constitutional and should be upheld. Majority Opinion   On Jan. 22, 1973, the Supreme Court handed down their ruling, holding that a womans right to an abortion falls within the right to privacy protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. The decision gave a woman a right to abortion during the entirety of the pregnancy and defined different levels of state interest for regulating abortion in the second and third trimesters.   In the first trimester, the state (that is, any government) could treat abortion only as a medical decision, leaving medical judgment to the womans physician.In the second trimester (before viability), the states interest was seen as legitimate when it was protecting the health of the mother.After the viability of the fetus (the likely ability of the fetus to survive outside of and separated from the uterus), the potential of human life could be considered as a legitimate state interest. The state could choose to regulate, or even proscribe abortion as long as the life and health of the mother was protected. Majority: Harry A. Blackmun (for The Court), William J. Brennan, Lewis F. Powell Jr., Thurgood Marshall. Concurring: Warren Burger, William Orville Douglas, Potter Stewart Dissenting Opinion In his dissenting opinion, Justice William H. Rehnquist argued that the framers of the Fourteenth Amendment did not intend it to protect a right of privacy, a right which they did not recognize and that they definitely did not intend for it to protect a woman’s decision to have an abortion. Justice Rehnquist further argued that the only right to privacy is that which is protected by the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures. The Ninth Amendment does not apply here.   Finally, he concluded that because this issue required a careful balance of the interests of the woman against the interests of the state, it was not an appropriate decision for the Court to make, but instead was a question that should have been left up to state legislatures to resolve. Dissenting: William H. Rehnquist (for The Court), Byron R. White The Impact The Texas statute was struck down as a whole, and further, Roe v. Wade legalized abortion in the United States, which was not legal at all in many states and was limited by law in others. All state laws limiting womens access to abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy were invalidated by the Roe v. Wade decision. State laws limiting such access during the second trimester were upheld only when the restrictions were for the purpose of protecting the health of the pregnant woman.   As for Norma McCorvey, four days after the decision, she publicly identified herself as Jane Roe. Living in a happy lesbian relationship in Dallas, she stayed relatively unknown until 1983, when she began volunteering at a womens health center. As an activist, she eventually helped establish the Jane Roe Foundation and the Jane Roe Womens Center, to help poor Texas women obtain legal abortions.   In 1995, McCorvey connected with a pro-life group and renounced abortion rights, helping co-create a new Texas nonprofit, Roe No More Ministry. Although she continued to live with her partner Connie Gonzalez, she also publicly rejected homosexuality. McCorvey died in 2017.   Sources Greenhouse, Linda, and Reva B. Siegel. Before (and after) Roe V. Wade: New Questions About Backlash. The Yale Law Journal 120.8 (2011): 2028-87. Print.Joffe, Carole. Roe V. Wade at 30: What Are the Prospects for Abortion Provision? Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 35.1 (2003): 29-33. Print.Klorman, Renee, and Laura Butterbaugh. Roe V. Wade Turns 25. Off Our Backs 28.2 (1998): 14-15. Print.Langer, Emily. Norma McCorvey, Jane Roe of Roe v. Wade decision legalizing abortion nationwide, dies at 69. The Washington Post February 28, 2017.  Ã‚  Prager, Joshua. The Accidental Activist. Vanity Fair Hive February 2013.  Skelton, Chris. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). Justia.  Supreme Court Cases: Roe v. Wade. The Interactive Constitution of the United States. Prentice-Hall 2003.Ziegler, Mary. The Framing of a Right to Choose: Roe V. Wade and the Changing Debate on Abortion Law. Law and History Review 27.2 (2009): 281-330. Print.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 100

Summary - Essay Example As a point of departure, the purpose of this research is to test for both first and second level intermedia agenda-setting interrelationships among news media. The content analysis methodology is used in this article. Hypothetical analysis on the public response and interrelationship between salience issues of in the Obama Campaign ads and the salience of issues in Obama in 30 seconds ads were created (Ragas & Kiousis, November 01, 2010). Several other hypotheses that relate salience of issues in MoveOn.org ads wit salience of issues in Obama campaigns ads were also created. In the essence, the methodology is hypothetical. This implies the hypothesis is tested based on the primary data used in this article. Random sampling was used to select the subsamples of the ads. For instance, second trainer examined 20% of the subsample of ads. On the same regard, the primary data collected and the samples selected were analyzed by the use of Spearman’s rho correlation. The statistical tests were used to compare the agendas that regarded the issues and the attributed salience (Ragas & Kiousis, November 01, 2010). The study remains one of the first analyses to analyze the communication efforts of web-based political activist group during the initial stages of an election contest in a close range. In addition, the study associates the efforts to the schedules of activists and a candidate’s campaign. It can be concluded that, the article consists of the original research findings because primary data is used in the hypothetical analysis (Ragas & Kiousis, November 01,

The Employees Performance of Their Duties in Macrobox Essay

The Employees Performance of Their Duties in Macrobox - Essay Example Under the foregoing circumstances, the blogger by providing online guidance to direct the computer attack or server intrusion and all those persons who may have conspired and confederated with the blogger may be held liable under the Computer Misuse Act 1990 (CMA) as amended by the Police and Justice Act 2006 (JPA) and Serious Crime Act 2007 (SCA) where the following acts were defined as unlawful or criminal acts—unauthorized access to computer material; unauthorized access with intent to commit a further offence; and unauthorized modification of computer material. Section 1 of the CMA provides that in cases of unauthorized access to computer material a person may be found guilty when (a) he causes a computer to perform any function with intent to secure access to any program or data held in any computer; (b) the access he intends to secure; and (c) he knows at the time when he causes the computer to perform the function that that is the case. This provision was modified by Se ction 35 sub-section (2) of the JPA where the phrases were inserted in sub-section (1) in paragraph a to read â€Å"†¦or to enable any such access to be secured† while in paragraph (b) â€Å"†¦or to enable to be secured† however this amendatory provision was again superseded by Section 61 of the SCA by omitting altogether subsection (2). While Section 2 finds a person guilty under unauthorized access with intent to commit or facilitate the commission of further offences if it is committed with intent (a) to commit an offence to which this section applies; or (b) to facilitate the commission of such an offence.